previous section
*) Rossi, "Roma sotteranea"; Boldetti: "Osservazioni"; Aringhi: "Roma subterranea; Garruci:" Storia dell'arte christiana "; Martigny: Dictionnaire des Antiquités"; Kraus: "Roma Sott." and its ". christl The Art" Richemont "recent studies"; Northkote: "The Roman Catacombs"; Gerbet: "Sketch of the christ of Rome."; Gournerie: "The christl Rome."; Gaume: "Voices from Rome "Wolter," The Roman catacombs; Beller man ". The oldest christl Burials", "Rome," by Wittmer and Molitor, except: "Pilgrimage" ... build
the time when the bloodthirsty Emperor Nero burned Rome and again, he did make himself a palace of unprecedented splendor of its own construction workers were working silently outside the walls of Rome on Build another town in the depths of the earth. This large, quiet city under the ground had their streets, squares, temples, houses, implements, and countless residents, but the roads are narrow, dark, hard tuff in passages cut that branch out in all directions, places and temples are chambers, the houses are tombs, the furniture, are blood vessels and lights and the people are - dead! - The builders of this great mining town are - the first Christians who had to be careful, above all, their loved ones and to give the deposited for the faith brothers and sisters slaughtered an appropriate resting place. -
Just as the faith forbade them in life with the heathen community, so they banned the same faith also bring their dead with them in contact, especially Wherefore, because the pagan burial was associated with idolatrous practices. As once the Jews, God's chosen people, the Graves of their deceased kept holy as the patriarchs Abraham, Jacob, Joseph their graves only among the faithful chose and how the Divine Savior, after his death on the cross put into a new rock grave: so did the early Christians into a new, specially consecrated grave be laid to rest. The area *) (* That the first Christians used the sand pits and quarries to their graves is evident from their construction and the material in which they were created.) leaving their graves they distinguished wealthy citizens or matrons of Rome to their farms outside the city walls. - There is built the same even a Memoria, a tomb, and allowed that one in the same sacred and the bodies of martyrs and other Christians secluded lay down to rest. Thus arose the christ. Cemeteries, "cemeteries" later "Catacombs" is named. - The early Christians called their cemeteries Coemeterium "sleeping place" because they considered the death only for a sleep until the Day of Resurrection, according to the words of Jesus in John 11, 11 and Luke 8:00, 52
corresponded to the number of cemeteries in the number of parishes "Tituli referred, of which there were initially seven. In 1996, the number of Christians have already become so great that St. Pope Evaristus parishes was set to 26, and the result was so with growth of Christianity 26 large cemeteries or catacombs, where another 14 joined smaller. - They got their name after the parish, but either by those who founded it, so Coemeterium S. Domitilla, S. Lucina, S. Aproniani etc., or after the famous martyrs who were buried there, such BS Pancratii , p. Calepodii, p. Agnetis, or those which they extended, or restored, such BS Callisti, S. Julii etc. 
Those who under the earth, to protect them from desecration, these cemeteries produced and the dead is buried, were the gravediggers, Tombs called. - They formed a brotherhood, were equipped for their sacrificial, serious professionals through a kind of church consecration or blessing, and were under the supervision of the priests and deacons. - Business or Office of the fossores inherited from father to son and her life was a life of faith, love, sacrifice and beeständiger risk. In every corpse they saw the body of the Lord, like him, would rise and a brother, whom she had with the utmost reverence and care beds to rest. Wherefore they were digging under ground, in the dark of night, the light of a lamp, therefore they are subjected to the arduous work on programs and courses in the walls of the same Graves on graves in the hard tuff undermine; therefore she searched among the greatest difficulties and dangers of the bodies of their brothers from the hands of the executioner, to the fury of the people who guard the soldiers, from the depths of the river, from the pools of blood from to save the pile and coal, to buy, and to ask them secretly, sometimes en masse, with all precautions to prevent hostile eye spy the sanctuary to bring in the cemeteries to safety. happy they brought the bodies into the earth, then they washed them clean of dust and blood, wrapped in white cloth, often with rich fabrics, doused them with balm or sprinkled it with fragrant flowers and herbs and put them in prayer in their resting place, down in an attached in the wall grave, which they closed quickly with a marble slab or brick to pre-empt all harmful fumes. On the marble slab or the whitewashed stones, which closed the grave, carved or wrote "the Clown", "gravediggers" soon a longer or shorter inscription, now only a name and comforting in pace "in peace", they soon recorded on a palm, a dove, an anchor, etc., all significant characters.
Some graves have no inscription, it was missing at the time or the customer to call them; others are sealed with marble slabs of pagan inscription. Where this is the case, the plate is either glossed over or vice versa. The gravediggers were often those marble slabs, where they found the same level in order to quickly close a grave can.
As I said, the graves were placed in the wall, often two to three to six on each other.
(See Figure) A grave with a corpse was Loculus "small town", there were but two or three bodies in it, it was said Bisomus, Trisomus. Often lay in a tomb, the remains of many martyrs. They were collected and buried reverently and simply reads: "Ruffinus and one hundred and fifty martyrs", "Marcella and one hundred and fifty martyrs", has no other ornaments than the trophy, "the palm". 
goods filled the walls of a corridor with graves, then dug a new and buried with the excavated earth, sometimes the old, or it was created under the old a new course, and so were zahlose corridors and galleries of one, two or three levels, in all directions, as the following illustration.
must have been because the gravediggers or grave-diggers, that number considerably, from the common stand was and her whole life to the service of Church consecrated, so we had to provide for their subsistence and that of their family, hence the Begräbnißkosten were not inconsiderable. In order that the poor in the same manner as the assets were partakers of honor to be buried as her savior in a new grave, the wealthy had to bear the greater part of the cost. It therefore holds sway in the catacombs is no difference between rich and poor. Even if wealthy families built their own grave chamber, so they were not from the general Begränißstätte of believers separated. - It often happened that an entire chamber or a chamber of a whole family was instructed to speak as a family tomb. Such a chamber was called cubicle "bedroom" or Hypogeum "underground chamber. In most of these chambers, even more often in the aisles, it displays one or more graves that are applied with greater care. A long, coffin-shaped chest is carved on the stone or backed up on the wall and covered up with a more or less strong marble top. The niche, which spans the grave is a flat semi-circular or curved bow was then Arcosolium.
This Arcosolia or vaulted grave monuments were able to hold two to three and four corpses. Most graves are holy martyrs. from the above you can see what an important, difficult and perilous profession of a fossores or grave-diggers in the old church. Under the earth by the light of the lamp, they built, always surrounded by constant night and humid modern Santander air, the Christian cemeteries of Rome, hollowed out from the graves, the bodies laid to rest, furnished the tombs with inscriptions, painted the walls and ceiling with pictures and symbolic character, and so was in their hands the wonderful city of tombs, the unteriridsche Rome. -
In quiet times they were only beschäftiget in the catacombs, but broke from the storms of persecution, hundreds of Christians were often one days slaughtered, then settled's all believers, even the noblest men and matrons, so holy popes and priests, the highest honor to assist them and to bring the corpses in the catacombs and buried there. Based on the above, the name fossores "Clown" a badge of honor in the old church. Here the inscription on the tomb of a fossores:
fossores IN FELIX P.
Felis, the grave-digger in peace.
SERGIVS ET IVNIVS fossores
BNM IN PACE Bisom.
Sergius and Junius, sexton well deserved, in peace,
in the same grave.
The following figure shows such Fossor from the catacomb of S. Callisto.
etc. The graves of these holy Marty was now in the earliest times of Christianity, the point of union the faithful. At her death, which one was called Dies natalis 'birthday', because death for them as it were the birth of the sky, beginning a new life was blessed, the faithful gathered with their priests in the underground tomb. One thought here is the suffering and death of the martyr, read the document *) (* It was in the first Christian Services set up, which had to record the proceedings and the verdict of the court against the Martyrs and the circumstances of their martyrdom and their death, as already said) his martyrdom to emulation of those still alive, they prayed, sang hymns;. celebrated the sacred mysteries on the tomb of the martyr and enjoyed last Holy Communion. - A similar ceremony was held at the funeral of their dead and ordinary days of death. The surviving family members united under greater or lesser participation of the community near the grave of the deceased to witness the most sacred secrets and keep the Lord's Supper as a witness and an expression of continued faith and communion of love with it. In the holy sacrifice of the deceased was called by memento and thought his name, and offered up a special offering. Spake the doctor of the church Tertullian at the end of the second century, a spouse with the words: "You keep him her (your wife) is of even more sacred love, because they have annulled is with God, you pray for their minds, and to exhort them to confess bring the annual offerings dar. "*) (* De cart regarded c. 11) These offerings of St. John Chrysostom as alms, making it the dead... honorable .**) (** Hom. 61 in Joann. This is also the source of the victim's body in the Ganges worship.)
addition to this celebration, which was celebrated every year on both the days of death of the Holy. martyrs and the faithful, existed in the old church is another custom, had to serve what the catacombs. These are the agape love feast "in honor of the holy martyrs and other deceased who were held near the tombs. The solemn commemoration of the dead members of one family had to unite those left behind to the more intimate love. Thus held for even the Christian right with it that he can combine the prayers for the departed and the memory of it with nothing else better and more dignified than the works of love and benevolence. Therefore, the Christian victims of the united Begräbnißtagen and andem anniversary of the death of their loved ones not only blood relatives but also other members of the community and especially the poor.
But the martyrs were often such a love feast in the cemeteries or in the vicinity of their graves on the anniversary (This natalis) of her death. Asset-Christians brought food: fruit, pastries, fish and meat dishes along with wine mixed with water and invited the poor and those who had nothing, a feast for. The priest, often the bishop himself, initiated the meal. All off together while singing the divine praise and mixed it with a devout prayer, tears and sighs .*) (* Theodoret.. Evang veritatis lib VIII) to maintain proper order, the love feast, was located at Manchester Cömeterium chamber, or Schola Triclinium called, where the banquet was gathered. At the entrance to the Cömeterium S. Domitilla, which was found in 1865 under a hill and bloslegte is such a room you can.
a the entrance of the Cömeterium;
c Triclinium the meeting or for a lover.
The reason for these love-feasts in the burial grounds are the Doctors of the Church of Origen when he wrote: "We invite the poor and needy in to a funeral feast, that so our celebration to commemorate the peace of the soul of the deceased, we to a god but pleasant odor will ."**) (** Lib 3 John) And St John Chrysostom beantowrtet the question "why do you call out for the funeral of the Priests and the poor together ": that is:"... So that the dead rest in peace and get a merciful sentence "*) (* Hom 31 in Mt See also Krull Christl archeology etc. Vol II) .. continuation
0 comments:
Post a Comment