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Devotion to Mary

beloved mother, and forevermore belong to thee I want the most perfect way, and through you for time and eternity are the property of the Divine Heart of Jesus. Behold, I consecrate to you today and every day of my life, but especially for my dying hour, my person: my body and its senses, my soul with their abilities, and sacrifice it through you and you, the Holy Trinity than praise, thanks - Atonement and Bittopfer. I unite with the victims of this most holy life, suffering and death of Jesus, with all the Masses being offered to each, with all worthy communions that are ever received. I unite with your glorious merits, O dear mother, with the merits of all saints and elect, and all God-pleasing works that ever happened. So I connect my own prayers, work and suffering, all the indulgences that I win, all the merits, which I can buy, and I put everything in your mother's hands. Purify my gift of all stain, have they, and offer them up in the infinitely holy thoughts of the divine heart of Jesus, the Holy Trinity. - Let me be, O dear mother, a victim soul for the glory of Your Son and immortal souls. Not as a reward, but as a charitable gift of grace I beg that I may serve you always and never, not even through the purgatory of your divine Son are separated. O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary! Amen.

imprimatur. Steyl, the 1 Sept. 1922nd De mand. Ord Libr Cens. Joan. Weig - Mission printing plant in Steyl, post Kaldenkirchen (Rhineland)

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The Catacombs or the early Christians under the earth (5)

The arcane discipline or the rule of secrecy

The church observed in the first centuries of deep silence on the principal mysteries of faith and their holy sacraments against the evil Jews and the whole ground in the sunken, the truth of idolatry and alienated serving Gentiles. She had to have their reasons. Because for now they could not and would reveal their divine truths and secrets is not the misinterpretation, the contempt, the ridicule and suspicion. She followed this represents the words of her divine Founder, "the dogs are not your holy prayer and cast your pearls before the pigs do not." (Matt. 8:00, 6) For the second place they wanted to make the newly converted Gentiles and Jews are not equal first with the principal mysteries of the Christian religion known because their faith was still weak, and was no guarantee that they return not again to idolatry and then distort the still not fully recognized truths and secrets suspicious and would. She followed herein, the words of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians. "And I, brethren, could not talk to you to spiritualists, but as to carnal as babes in Christ I gave you milk to drink, not food, for you vermochtet It is not yet "(to fall). (I. Cor. 1-4) The apostles, and imitating him, the early Christians wore, so the new converts only the beginning for salvation overriding need, the important secrets they concealed them until they firm in the faith founded and tested their loyalty was. - Were the new converts in the Necessary sufficiently informed and they should receive baptism, and only then they were all Creed and preferably communicated the secret of the Holy Trinity in whose name they should be baptized. We see this apparent restraint in the catechesis or Christian teachings of the Holy. Cyril of Jerusalem, which he held in the year 345 before the catechumens and the faithful. The former included no mention of the important mysteries of faith and the holy sacrament, the other devoted but which of the great Bishop of the teaching of the baptized believers, or press about these secrets like this realize that to do nothing is left. He also ordered not to use these instructions never tell the catechumens or the uninitiated with the words: "If the Christian doctrine to an end, and a catechumen is to ask yourself: What did the teacher? . Then say nothing to these people from outside ".
particular, was the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, as I said, a subject of secrecy, it is sufficient to inform the witness of St. cite Cyril, who says." It was never spoken to a heathen the sublime mysteries of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, we speak of it not even open before the catechumens, but a secret manner, so that the believers who know the cause, understand them and that which they know not by a premature discovery will not be annoyed. "Also included under the law of confidentiality, the holy sacraments, not just their ceremonies, but their essence. So says the St.. Chrysostom, in a speech on baptism: "I want to talk, but I dare not because of those who are not privy," and the Doctor of the Church Theodoret says this: ". This is necessary, above all, a mysterious language" Most were hidden, the doctrine of the Blessed Sacrament. The Holy Fathers call it little by name, she read only the "good", and used with great caution certain figures, symbols, phrases, when they needed to speak before the uninitiated.
St. Chrysostom says outright: "The mystery of the Blessed Sacrament is known only to the initiated. "In the homilies and sermons, which recited the fathers in the presence of the catechumens, the amount related to the following tentative terms:" The faithful know, "the initiated know what we say," I . speak to the faithful "-" If ".," says St. Augustine, "asks a catechumen, though he believes in Jesus Christ, he answered immediately:" Yes ", ask him but: enjoy you too the body of the Son of Man? he does not know what you asked. "
In celebrating the Holy Sacrifice had to remove all the catechumens and the uninitiated." We celebrate the sacred mysteries, "says St.. Chrysostom," with closed Doors and prevent the uninitiated it appears to 'wake had the deacons that no uninitiated enter the place where it was just the most sacred sacrifice celebrated;. Yes it was the faithful a private password given, which was then called them when they enter the place wanted, where the bishop, the holy sacrifice celebrated.
The administration of the Saint. Confirmation was concealed from the uninitiated as well. "As the anointing with holy oil," says St.. Basil, "who dared to speak to ever open it "The same case was with the priesthood They are not allowed to give in the presence of the catechumens is in a canyon of the Council of Laodicea it.." prohibitions should be, . To give the orders before the eyes of the listener. "Likewise, was also the sacrament of extreme unction under the law of confidentiality St. Augustine says:" The sacraments are received in various ways, some, know how you are, we received with the mouth, the others all over. "Apparently, he designates the Communion and then the last rites.
A distant because of the secrecy was the intention of the uninitiated and catechumens that due respect and reverence for these holy mysteries inspire. Therefore says St. Basil. "Reverence for the sacred mysteries is preserved by silence." St. Augustine expressed the same idea. when he says: "You can not surprise you, dearest brethren, if we have you, even with the celebration of the sacred mysteries said nothing of what we do, we had so holy, so divine things with respectful silence surrounded.."
can finally add one more that we hid the catechumens, therefore, the doctrine of the holy sacraments, especially baptism and the holy sacraments to their request and after that their zeal to inflame even more. "If the catechumens do not understand something, they should shake off their inertia and make haste to recognize these things," and in another place, speaks the same Church Father: "If the sacraments of the faithful to the catechumens not seem to be, so this does not happen, because it is the knowledge not bear the same can, but that they afterward with the very same zeal demand, with which one the same secret holds. "For this reason it was called the Blessed Sacrament and " Desiderata " , "the desire of".
This secrecy, arcane discipline, this care, the mysteries of faith to hide the uninitiated, that was a particular reason that the early Christians of the symbols, the symbolic representation of biblical stories and veiled characters in their paintings served. It allowed no representation that the eyes of a heathen or Jews who secretly sneak into the catacombs want to betray the sacred mysteries were. The whole Christian religion, their faith and moral teachings, its hopes and promises are displayed in a secret language among different images, and even characters from the mythical doctrine of the heathen, the Christian artist to keep on the ceilings of the grave chambers to hide under the same a mystery of faith .

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The Catacombs or the early Christians under the earth (4)

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Of the paintings and sculptures in the catacombs

There is no doubt that the early Christians, the painting have served. They disdained not to acquire everything that is beautiful, what was honest, innocent, and what the soul to divine things, brought to God. They sang hymns of praise and songs of thanksgiving and practiced the singing of psalms. In the same way they used and the painting in order to vote by the sight of beautiful, holy pictures her heart for worship and to draw from the same viewing edification and instruction. Even Tertullian, who lived in the second century (De Pudic. X. et V.) writes that Christians took advantage of his time, cups, decorated with the representation of the Good Shepherd. "It is certain," says St.. Basil (Oratio ad Julian) (379) "that the holy images of our Lord, St.. Virgin and the Apostles, which were painted in the beginning, have come from hand to hand on us. "The Christians wore pictures, painted on tablets of wood, or carved in ivory, with him. These panels, which you could combine like a book were called diptychs .

That the first Christians and their tombs in the catacombs with paintings which have is beyond all doubt. this is because a large number of them in the grave chamber of the various cemeteries. The only question is whether these paintings already at the beginning of Christianity in Rome and during the period of persecution, or only after the fall of paganism and the victory of Christianity come about? Then, the renowned archaeologist give (Boldetti, Marchi, etc.) and those who dedicated their lives to the study of the Christian catacombs (De Rossi) the answer: "The first centuries of Christianity have us painting, precisely . those of consummate art form in the oldest catacombs - the course of their argument is as follows:

The first Christians had emerged not only from the poor people, but Christianity was already on his appearance in Rome input into the noblest families, even even at the imperial court -. Pudens who was the Holy Apostles Peter took up hospitality, a senator. the consul Flavius Clemens was the nephew of the emperor Domitian, who had him executed for the Christian faith, and Flavia Domitilla was a relative of the emperor, who sent them into exile. Was found in the catacomb S. Agnetis grave inscriptions in letters of classical form and with the name: Claudii, Aurelii etc. VIVATIS in Deo, all names of ancient Roman noble families. - As these noble Romans were still pagans, they decorated according to the fashion of their palaces and tombs with paintings. Become Christians, they renounced their love of art not, and even now their grave decorated chambers in the Christian cemeteries with paintings, with the difference that the objects that these paintings represented, the old and new testaments were taken. Christianity forbade even the pictures do not, it forbade only the immoral and idolatrous, which drove the nations with the images. And if the Christian artists, like the pagan monuments in the grave could affix various ornaments, such as animal figures: deer, lambs, birds, flowers, fruits, vines, so they shut it all out and put them under a pagan Christian thought.

Especially the oldest catacombs, close to which the discovered grave inscriptions, reach up almost to the time of the Apostles, have paintings of classic art form. They are in those days were, where the art was still in its heyday, during the period of the Emperor Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Antonin, Marc Aurel, etc. - your style, the method of execution is just like the style of the painting, which is in the Imperial palaces and in the buried by the ash of Vesuvius, and again sees the excavated Pompeii. -

The images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and the Holy Apostles in the catacombs, which date no nimbus, glory, to have the main, all from the period of persecution, from the first three centuries. Only at the pictures of the fourth and fifth century is the halo, and from then on common usage. - Finally

we notice the paintings of the fourth and fifth centuries clearly the decline of art, while the Christian art works are more beautiful and better the more they approach the first century. So it is an undoubted fact that start with the beginning of Christianity, the paintings in the catacombs. The images, usually taken from the Old or New Testaments, replaced the first Christians, the Holy. Writing, which was only in the hands of the few, and supported the teaching of the mysteries of the faith, had to die for them almost always ready. Looking at these pictures she had to constantly remind us of the truths which she got from the celebration of worship from the lips the bishop had heard. The sight as the Good Shepherd had their love for Jesus, Daniel's in the lions' den, the three youths in the fiery furnace consolation in suffering, of Jonah, as he emerges from the mouth of the sea monster, the raising of Lazarus infuse the firm confidence that their in torture mangled body will once again rise.

similar statues from the Old and New Testament can also be seen in the marble coffins "sarcophagus" carved, that the early Christians to bury their deceased loved ones served. Initially, the burial of corpses quite simple. - An unadorned grave (Loculus) sealed in the wall with a stone or brick, was their resting place. But there were already early exceptions. The famous martyr to put in marble coffins under an arched niche (Arcosolium) elicited in the wall or in graves of bricks. The Christians of noble civil uses for the funeral of their deceased also the marble coffins. The sides of the same, especially the front are mostly hl with raised images (relief) from the. Scripture and symbolic representations of "symbols" decorated. The first Christians had a special fondness for such symbols. - How is Christ the Lord, the beautiful parables served to make his heavenly doctrine to the people tangible, then appealed to the first Christians fact, their faith in Jesus, her love for him and hope of a future eternal blessed life symbolically represent. There was, however, this Christian symbolism a particular underlying cause, namely the Arcan-discipline or the rule of secrecy.

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The Catacombs or the early Christians under the earth (3) The arms of Christ the King

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We have seen that the first and principal destination was the catacombs, in the pursuit of slain martyrs and separated Christians include in its lap . - The size of the same words had to be a great. Even the pagan historian Tacitus speaks a tremendous amount of Christians (ingens multitudo) at the time of the Emperor Nero, and from day to day, the number of them, despite ever-new persecution, because "the blood of the martyrs" was always the seed of new Christians. It therefore had to such increase of the Christians and the cemeteries grow more, expand and grow, and, and thus arose during three centuries, the underground mining town around Rome in an area of more than 150 miles, with more than 6 million dead and more than 40 cemeteries.
now arises the question of how all of these cemeteries built, like the Christians to bury their many dead there, the anniversaries of the holy martyrs and celebrate their deceased loved ones, their could hold love feasts, without attracting the attention of the nations up and disturbed by them to be. Then answer the latest and most thorough investigations, first, that the catacombs, and that is the oldest in the major freight complexes richer Christian families were located. The burial site (area) in these goods was inalienable family property (a type Fideikommiss). It is therefore sufficient for a rich new converts, to determine an area to surround it with landmarks, by means of a judicial agreement or a will to stand up for it, and the Christian Cömeterium was assured. Apart from the apostolic times can be perhaps six to back seven resulting cemeteries. Second, said a Roman burial site for any law sacred and inviolable. This law was, therefore, the good Christians. Third, allowed at the end of the third century, a distant law the poor people, Tenuiores to secure their mutual burial grounds, and to form for this purpose colleges. They had to make a monthly contribution and could have a common grave. Apart from their graves had they known colleges and for their meetings at the graves of certain building Schola also Triclinium , where she Todesmahl on the anniversary of its highest Benefactors were. A special calendar was the date of the anniversary.
This law was for the Christians of great advantages. Because of that they made among themselves associations, brotherhoods, the one with the name of Ecclesia Fratrum, Concti fratres, (...) "Church of the Brethren," "Meeting of the brothers," or "brothers" referred to. They paid a contribution that had buildings and cemeteries, and Areae Cella and had assets. Under the protection of this law could thus operate freely fossores, you could bury the dead in their tombs, their Jahresgedächtnisse celebrate the agape or love feast hold, even lead a calendar in which the anniversary of the holy martyrs were recorded. The entrance to the Cömeterium was at the time of peace, open and next to it was the Triclinium and the cella of the tomb guards, as the Cömeterium S. Domitilla is still evident today.
This was not the case with all cemeteries. In most of the Gentiles knew the deeply hidden inputs are not, nor were they able, their extent, their location, nor its internal arrangements, to name their grave chambers and galleries. Therefore, when the persecution broke out when the blood of the imperial edict was published, when the cry Areae non sint (it closes the cemeteries) was heard, and to enter the catacombs was prohibited then subjected to the Pope and the priests, and those Christians who were most of the crackdown, in these cemeteries back, the stairs were buried, and new secret created, the air and light holes were plugged and all was buried in night and darkness. - Therefore, in the name of the Christian nations Latebrosa et lucifuganatio "a den-seeking light-shy people." - The priests, even the supreme pastor of the church called, in the days of fierce persecution their herds into the catacombs to the holy church, and took shelter there. So writes the Saint. Pope Clement about the year 91 AD, "Come, get together in the cemeteries! We want there to read the scriptures, sing hymns in honor of the martyrs and all the saints who have left the world to pray for our brothers who died in the Lord, in our chapels and chambers of the grave hl. Sacrifices that are pleasing to give to God, and singing of psalms which the escort, who died for the faith "-..
In this time of trouble were the gravediggers in her place They made secret entrances, investigated the executed murdered brothers their executioners to snatch and they wore down in the quiet night in the tombs, which they had been carved into the walls of the cemeteries. To the Gentiles also the secret entrances deny, were set up guards, who had a specific password that only the Christians was known. Several holy popes considered themselves in times of persecution in the catacombs. For them especially the hatred of the heathen was addressed, in the persecution edicts they were identified as particularly high priest. Not the fear drove them to flee, but a sacred duty to preserve their herds and to assist in the danger of the moment to comfort and counsel, and the ecclesiastical means of grace. Even St. Peter retired to the Cömetrium Ostrianum; St. Alexander Pope (109), St.. Callistus (219), hid themselves in the cemeteries long time, but Pope Caius (284-196) brought up to his martyrdom full 8 years in the catacombs to. From here, issued the Pastor of the church their first pastoral letter, here it held councils, consecrated bishops and priests who gave rules of discipline, taught the catechumens and new converts baptized, given the confirmation, where they celebrated the Holy Sacrifice, and strengthened their lambs with the body of the Lord, here they preached the word of eternal life, and from here they guided with a steady hand, the bark of the Church in the storms and raging waves. Here was Pope Stephen I (253-257) seized and dragged into the temple of Mars, so he sacrificed there under pain of death to the idol. Since a lightning came down from heaven in the idol temples, and destroyed under terrible Crashing the image of the idol. - In the general confusion made the hangman on the holy pope, and this came back to the catacombs. Here, he encouraged the faithful to his patience and took the most sacred sacrifice dar. But during the same by the Emperor Valerian sent soldiers appeared again to assassinate him. But he was fearless on the ordinance, while those not daring to lay hands on him. However, after completion of the Saint. Victim hit him next to his chair in the death-blow. Like Stephen I ended St. Pope Sixtus II (257-259) in Cömeterium St. Callistus, he suffered four deacons to his martyrdom.
But not all believers took the time pursuing their refuge in the catacombs, for the same had the crowd did not pose the same, nor would we can ensure the maintenance of so many thousands. A very large number remained in the city, partly because it's held them back, such as soldiers and partly because they could easily escape the danger itself, partly because they visit the prisoners and comfort, partly because the food hidden in the catacombs and bring news, partly because they accompany the condemned to death, had to care for her funeral. But from time to time they went down secretly in the catacombs, to attend the holy sacrifice and participate in the holy feast. - We support you want:
It is night, deep in the city of peace. Opens out into a remote road, the door of a house. Two men, one young, deeply wrapped in their Penula (coats) run to the shade of the building to the gates of the Via Appia. Now they are outdoors. The great Appian Way to take it. On both sides of the same project grave monuments of the nations up. The men, they recognize not look they rush past. Now they turn into a side street of country houses, at the grave by the path takes you. An hour has passed and now they have reached a hill, and stand still, because they are located at the entrance to a catacomb, which is below a vineyard. Awe they look again at whether any spies they listened, they get on a hidden staircase down into the depths. Darkness surrounds them, but they border on hue to light. There are lamps, which spread standing in small niches their gloomy light. You progress, now right, now left, pulls out the gallery on the walls of her eye looks nothing but graves. Finally heard from her ear psalm singing. A few more steps and they stand at the entrance to a brightly lit rock band. After she gave the doorman (Ostiarius) the password, they dip their fingers into a wall located in the shell with holy water, sprinkled to draw the cross on the mouth, forehead and chest and stand up. - A band of devout believer has already arrived. Opposite the entrance stands under an arch, the grave of a holy martyr. It is the altar. At the same the Bishop sits in his chair, priests and deacons around him. Hanging from the ceiling and standing in niches lamps illuminate the small church, the altar and the congregation of brothers, who attend absorbed in prayer of religious acts. The service has already started and just closes the subdeacon the role from which he read the epistle, and hear the delightful sounds wonderful, it is the gradual (step vocals). A deacon, the scroll in hand, kneels before the bishop who blesses him. He rose, blessed by the bishop and then reads from the Gospel. With the cry "Deo Gratias" he extends the role of the bishop to kiss and shoots them.
The bishop, a venerable old man, has settled in his chair again and starts preaching. He opens his mouth and words of instruction, edification, encouragement and comfort to escape his lips. The same strength of faith that lives within him, the same love for Jesus, which flares up within him, the same enthusiasm to fight for Jesus to death, which flows through his soul, he knows the hearts of his audience to consolidate and to inflame.
The sermon is over and it follows the dismissal of the catechumens (the catechumens were new converts, which were prepared for baptism through instruction;. Nante one they "hear" catechumens and penitents were allowed to attend religious services only until the Offertory.) , and all those persons who the actual celebration of the Divine Secrets could not attend. - The deacon calls out: "None of that hearing, no one is present, the infidels," and invite the prayers for the catechumens and penitents, who, blessed by the bishop to remove.
Now begins the Mass of the faithful. The bishop carries the general prayer for the church, pray the Creed and now proceeds to the offering of sacrifices, which on the sideboard, a simple, out of the wall protruding stones are ready. He takes the paten with the bread and the cup filled with water and wine from the hand of the deacon, sacrifice to both God the Lord in prayer and blessing and then sings the preface to the thrice Holy at the end.
The Still Fair (Canon, "the ordinance, or the epitome of metamorphosis words" [Basil de spirit. Sc 27] takes its beginning. After the bishop spoke with outstretched hands the sacred prayers and the Memento for the living, he takes the consecration of bread and wine with the most holy words: "this is my body", "this is my blood" and lifts the body of the Lord and his sacred blood up to worship. Deep silence reigns in the holy space, and all those present are absorbed in prayer and bowed deeply to his knees. You are indeed on the altar of "the Lamb who takes away the sins of the world" (John 1, 29), and indeed in the cups, "the blood that cleanses us from all sin." (I Jn. 1, 7) The Holy
conversion is over, the prayers, and the Memento for the dead are speaking, singing the Pater Noster and now begins the holy communion. Before the bishop breaks the consecrated Bread, the deacon calls: answer "the sacred to the saints", and the faithful: "A saint, A Lord Jesus Christ to the glory of God the Father, to whom be glory forever and ever "Now pray the bishop." O Lord our God! I have sinned in heaven and before thee, and I'm not worthy of your holy and unspotted mystery to partake, but as a merciful God make me worthy of your grace, that I will partake without condemnation of a holy body and blood for the forgiveness of sins. "
After the bishop received Holy Communion and laid the body of Christ on the paten to the deacon, has the sacred will be served and the creditors before calling the deacon to them." Come caused by fear of the Lord, with faith and love . Now near the first the men, then the women. The men put the hollow right hand in the left and to receive the heavenly bread, the deacon says, replied "the body of the Lord" and the believer: "Amen." Then the cup is handed to them by a deacon with the words "the blood of the Lord," and they reply, "Amen." The women received a linen spread over the hand the Lord's body and then the sacred blood with the same words of the deacon, "the body of the Lord, the blood of the Lord." While St. Communion is of the clergy and the audience sang Psalm 33 or Psalm 132: "Behold, how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in harmony" or Psalm 144: "All eyes are on you, O Lord!" -
Now that the faithful receive the most sacred, now lives as Jesus in their hearts, they do not fear the sword, nor fire, nor the wild animals, because the Lord is with them! - -
The two men, of whom we have spoken with great reverence near the table of the Lord, especially the younger, Tarcisius with names, Acolyte (clergy, exchange the minor orders were received, and the lights and wine and water to hl. victims worried.) receives with heavenly love 'the most sacred because it was an important and dangerous job given. He is the faithful in the city who could not attend the holy sacrifice, and the prisoner of the Lord's body bring. A deacon shall, on a snow-white linen, the consecrated bread. Carefully wrapped Tarcisius you to conceal it on his chest, leaving the catacomb joyful courage, and rushed to the city. Heading to meet him soldiers, as they keep to the hurry and ask him what he so carefully concealed? Since he does not respond to expose the desecration of his good reverend, they fall upon him and killed him! - He was found later.
is now finished in the catacombs of the church. Men and women away still. The bishop, however, goes with the deacons of the catechumens, who had gathered in a long, hewn from the tufa room. On the wall next to the entrance, the stone chairs are for the bishop, on the lower side walls of stone seats. The bishop sits down on a chair and begins teaching. As with the holy sacrifice men and women are strictly separated and carefully note deacons and deaconesses, that the order is complied with. The room is lit by lamps. Peculiar is that these bands are for the catechumens without embellishment and without any paintings. The reason for this phenomenon was the confidentiality of those doctrines and mysteries of faith, which could not know those who had not yet received by baptism into the church. - However, most Grakammern with different pictures and other decorations decorated. (58)

continuation

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